Familial and Social Support as Protective Factors Against the Development of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The incidence of dissociative identity disorder (DID) is strongly correlated with exposure to serious physical and sexual abuse. Although studies of more than 1,000 DID sufferers indicate that severe child abuse is a predisposing factor in 95% to 98% of cases (B. Braun, 1988 Braun, B. 1988. The BASK model of dissociation. Dissociation, 1(2): 16–23. [Google Scholar]), abuse alone is not, in fact, predictive of DID (B. Rind & P. Tromovitch, 1997 Rind, B. and Tromovitch, P. 1997. A meta-analytic review of findings from national samples on psychological correlates of child sexual abuse. Journal of Sex Research, 34(3): 237–255. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Disorganized/disoriented attachment style and the absence of social and familial support, in combination with abuse history, best predict DID (D. Howe, 2006 Howe, D. 2006. Disabled children, maltreatment and attachment. British Journal of Social Work, 36: 743–760. [Google Scholar]; R. Kluft, 1984 Kluft, R. 1984. Treatment results in multiple personality: An analysis of 33 cases. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 7: 9–29. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]; K. Lyons-Ruth, L. Dutra, M. Schuder, & I. Bianchi, 2006 Lyons-Ruth, K., Dutra, L., Schuder, M. and Bianchi, I. 2006. From infant attachment disorganization to adult dissociation: Relational adaptations or traumatic experiences?. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 29(1): 63–86. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Individuals who are securely attached are less likely to develop serious psychopathology in the event of abuse and are more likely to build a strong extrafamilial system of support—also a protective factor against psychopathology (S. Asher & J. Parker, 1989 Asher, S. and Parker, J. 1989. Significance of peer relationship problems in childhood. NATO ASI Series, 51: 5–23. [Google Scholar]; D. Howe, M. Brandon, D. Hinings, & G. Schofield, 1999 Howe, D., Brandon, M., Hinings, D. and Schofield, G. 1999. Attachment theory, child maltreatment and family support, London: Macmillan. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar]; G. Ladd & B. Golter, 1988 Ladd, G. and Golter, B. 1988. Parents' management of preschoolers' peer relations: Is it related to children's social competence with peers?. Developmental Psychology, 28: 1179–1187. [Google Scholar]). Recognition of the significance of secure attachment and familial and social support as protective factors against the development of DID suggests social intervention as an important area of research to mitigate the psychological consequences of insecure attachment, social disconnection, and abuse.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".