A THOROUGH INVESTIGATION OF THE DISTANCE TO THE SUPERNOVA REMNANT CTB109 AND ITS PULSAR AXP J2301+5852
Bibliographic record
Abstract
CTB109 is one of only three Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs) known to harbor an anomalous X-ray pulsar or magnetar. That makes this SNR an object of great importance and a prime target for high-energy astrophysics studies. Those studies rely heavily on the assumed distance to CTB109. There have been three major distance determinations over the last decade, all of which report completely different results. While chaotic distance determinations in the literature are not uncommon for SNRs as a class of object, the wild discrepancy in the distance to CTB109 makes it especially important to revisit and firmly resolve once and for all. In this Letter we bring to bear all available observational information and present a synthesis of evidence that consistently locates CTB109 within or close to the Perseus arm spiral shock, at a distance of 3.2 ± 0.2 kpc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".