Sulfur-Doped Highly Ordered TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubular Arrays with Visible Light Response
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The future of TiO 2 -based photocatalysts strongly depends on their structural optimization so as to obtain high activity as well as visible light response. Recently we successfully fabricated sulfur-doped highly ordered TiO 2 nanotubular arrays by potentiostatic anodization of titanium foils, followed by annealing in a flow of H 2 S at 380 °C. The as-prepared arrays were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet−visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV−vis DRS), and photoelectrochemical measurements. The results clearly show that the vertically oriented nanotubular arrays are highly ordered with a wall thickness of 10 nm. After being annealed at 380 °C, the original TiO 2 nanotubular arrays were transformed from an amorphous structure to an anatase phase with a crystallization enthalpy of 324.6 J/g. With treatment in a H 2 S atmosphere, sulfur ions were incorporated into oxygen atom sites in the TiO 2 nanotubes to form O−Ti−S bonds, confirmed by high-resolution XPS of S2p and Ti2p and XRD analysis. The sulfur doping caused the absorption edge of TiO 2 to shift into the lower energy region, making the nanotubular arrays active under visible light irradiation up to 650 nm, demonstrated by UV−vis DRS and photocurrent measurements.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it