Toward Understanding the Dissociation of Weak Acids in Water: 1. Using IR Spectroscopy to Identify Proton-Shared Hydrogen-Bonded Ion-Pair Intermediates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cryogenic conditions favor the formation of ion-pair dissociation intermediates in amorphous mixtures of HF and H(2)O, making possible their characterization by means of infrared spectroscopy. The experimental infrared spectra show a structurally rich "continuous" absorption ranging from 1000 to 3400 cm(-1), which, in principle, contains important information regarding the microscopic structure of the aforementioned dissociation intermediates. Herein, we demonstrate that this microscopic information can be extracted by comparing and contrasting experimental spectra with those obtained by means of carefully designed first-principles molecular dynamics calculations. Very good, systematic agreement between theoretical and experimental spectra can be obtained for HF/H(2)O mixtures of various compositions, revealing the presence of proton-shared, dissociation intermediates F(delta-) * * * H * * * (delta+)OH(2). The existence of similar proton-shared, hydrogen-bonded intermediates of ionization, that are stable in solution, but not in the gas phase, has been previously suggested by other groups, using, among other techniques, low temperature NMR data and aprotic, dipolar, solvents. Our investigation reveals that similar structures are also stable in aqueous solutions of HF. We discuss some of the implications of the present findings as far as the mechanism of dissociation of weak acids is concerned.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".