Pain Experience and Learned Helplessness in Women with Primary Sjögren's Syndrome and Women with Fibromyalgia: A Descriptive and Comparative Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective. To describe the experience of pain and learned helplessness in women with primary Sjögren's syndrome [prim SS], to compare the experiences with those of women with fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS] and to investigate the prevalence of FMS in a random sample from a cohort of prim SS patients.Methods. Forty-three patients with prim SS, also examined for FMS according to the American College of Rheumatology 1990 [ACR-90] criteria, and 44 patients with FMS completed a questionnaire including the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire [SF-MPQ], a body map for pain drawing, Arthritis Helplessness Index [AHI], and questions about pain fluctuation, drug use, and functional status.Results. Thirty-six [84 percent] of the prim SS patients experienced pain and eight [19 percent] also fulfilled the ACR-criteria for FMS. The patients with prim SS and pain experienced lower pain intensity than the FMS patients according to the intensity scores included in SF-MPQ, i.e., visual analog scale [P = 0.016], present pain intensity [P = 0.004] and intensity of the pain descriptors [P < 0.001]. The prim SS patients also used fewer pain descriptors [P < 0.001] and had a lower pain drawing score [P < 0.001] than the FMS patients. No differences were seen in AHI, pain fluctuation, and functional status. The pain distribution differed between the groups with a tendency to a more central distribution in patients with FMS and a more peripheral distribution in those with prim SS. The eight subjects fulfilling the ACR-90 criteria for FMS had similiar results for pain assessments as the pure FMS group.Conclusion. The study suggests an increased prevalence of FMS and the presence of [at least] two patterns of pain in prim SS patients, one that is similiar to FMS and another that is less intensive and has a tendency to a more peripheral distribution. The therapeutic approach may differ in the two subgroups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".