Binding of anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin with cyclodextrin and DNA: solubility, spectroscopic, and voltammetric studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The interaction of the anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin (IMC) with α-, β-cyclodextrins (CDs) and calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-DNA) have been investigated in the Britton-Robinson (BR) buffer (pH = 7.2) using solubility, spectroscopic, and voltammetric methods. The measurements show that the IMC molecule, acting as an intercalator, is inserted, from the p-chlorobenzoyl part, into the cavity of the cyclodextrins as well as into the base-stacking domain of the ct-DNA double helix. Upon addition of β-CD in a buffered IMC solution, the solubility of IMC increases and the Gibbs free energies of transfer of the drug from aqueous solution to the cavity of β-CD are negative and increase negatively with increasing β-CD concentration. The interaction of IMC with CDs and ct-DNA causes hypochromism and bathochromic shifts in the absorption spectra, along with pronounced changes in the electrochemical behaviour of the drug. The stoichiometry of complexes formed in solution is inferred to be 1:1. The binding constants were calculated from the increase of the solubility, the strong hypochromism, and the decrease in peak current of IMC upon the addition of the host molecules. IMC has a higher affinity for β-CD than for α-CD, as the IMCβ-CD interaction is the most exergonic. Binding is interpreted in terms of the intercalative (hydrophobic) interactions with the ct-DNA helix (i.e., the stacked base pairs) or within CD cavity.Key words: cyclodextrin, ct-DNA, anti-inflammatory drug, indomethacin, binding constant, solubility, spectra, voltammetry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".