Formation and rotation of two-dimensional Coulomb crystals in magnetized complex plasma
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The formation and rotation of two-dimensional (2D) dust Coulomb crystals with finite number of particles are simulated in a self-consistent manner, based on a dynamical model for radio-frequency sheath over a concave electrode with an axial magnetic field. The dust particles are initially placed at random positions inside the sheath, and then their motions are tracked by a molecular-dynamics method until stable, ordered 2D structures are formed, which rotate in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field, driven by the azimuthal ion flow due to the E×B effect. The rotation patterns are found to depend, in a complex way, on the particle number, the crystal structure, and the discharge parameters, such as the discharge pressure and the magnetic field. In particular, a rigid rotation is typically observed for those clusters with high symmetry structures, for example, the cluster 19 (1,6,12), with the rotation angular frequency of the order of 10−2Hz, which is proportional to the magnetic field magnitude, but decreases with the increasing discharge pressures. However, the intershell rotations are also observed for those structures of the dust crystals with less symmetry, e.g., 20 (1,7,12), especially for strong magnetic fields.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".