The effect of the corporate tax rate on the trade balance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Past research indicates that MNCs may be engaging in income shifting practices. Such practices could bias the trade balance, if the intrafirm trade is substantial. This article examines the effect of the tax differential on the trade balances of OECD countries. The results indicate that the trade balance is adversely affected when the tax differential is positive, for a number of countries. Notes 1 For example, Soyoung (Citation2001) utilizes a VAR approach in examining the effects of the monetary innovations on the trade balance. 2 Operating surplus is defined as: Gross output at producer's value less intermediate consumption, compensation of employees, consumption of fixed capital and indirect taxes reduced by subsidies. 3 According to Pricewaterhouse Coopers (Citation2001), the only OECD countries that adopt progressive rates are Belgium, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom and the United States. 4 The progressive tax structure for Japan and the USA appears to dominate the results, therefore these countries were eliminated from the results. Note, in Table 2, that the remaining trade share is still large even without these countries. 5 Because of the possibility that the variables in the regression may be nonstationary we also tested the residuals in Table 2 for stationarity. All residuals were found to be stationary, thus avoiding a possible spurious regressor problem. See Yoshimine and Norrbin (Citation2004) for details.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".