The Relationship of Intravenous Midazolam and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Development in Burned Soldiers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Midazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, is administered preoperatively and intraoperatively for amnesia and anxiolysis. Subsequently, patients often do not recall events which occurred while they were sedated. Recent studies have also reported retrograde facilitation after midazolam exposure. Posttraumatic stress disorder PTSD is based on memory of a traumatic event. Because of the concern that midazolam may enhance memory of the traumatic event in which soldiers were injured, we investigated the prevalence of PTSD in those burned soldiers who received perioperative midazolam and those who did not. We also investigated the intensity of the memories related to the traumatic event. METHODS: After institutional review board approval, all charts of US soldiers who completed the PTSD Checklist-Military (PCL-M) screening tool (2004-2008) after admission to US Army Institute of Surgical Research were reviewed to determine the number of operations, the anesthetic regime, total body surface area (TBSA) burned, and Injury Severity Score (ISS). RESULTS: The PCL-M was completed by 370 burned soldiers from Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom. During surgery, 142 received midazolam, whereas 69 did not. The prevalence of PTSD was higher in soldiers receiving midazolam as compared with those who did not (29% vs. 25%) (p = 0.481). Both groups had similar injuries based on TBSA and ISS. Patients who received midazolam also had similar scores on PCL-M questions related to memory of the event. CONCLUSIONS: Rates of PTSD are not statistically different in combat casualties receiving midazolam during intraoperative procedures. Intraoperative midazolam is not associated with increased PTSD development or with increased intensity of memory of the traumatic event. Patients receiving midazolam had similar injuries (TBSA and ISS) and underwent a similar number of operations as those not receiving midazolam.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".