Investigation of Natural Tracers for MMV at the Quest Carbon Capture and Storage Project, Alberta, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 2015, CO 2 injection will start at the Quest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Project in Alberta, Canada. The Quest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project is a joint venture between Shell Canada Energy, Chevron Canada Limited, and Marathon Oil Canada Corporation, and is operated by Shell. The CO 2 is captured from the Scotford oil sands bitumen upgrader, located northeast of Edmonton. Up to 1 Mt of CO 2 per year will be injected into the Basal Cambrian Sandstone (BCS), a saline aquifer located at a depth of about 2 km below ground surface, over a potential time period of 25 years. In order to demonstrate containment and conformance of the injected CO 2 , implementation of a Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV) plan is essential. A number of technologies can be used within a MMV plan, such as geophysical or geochemical techniques. The latter may include chemical and/or isotopic fingerprinting of specific fluid end-members, such as the BCS brine. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the work that has been undertaken to assess the use of natural tracers for MMV purposes at the QUEST CCS project. The two key objectives are to a) review chemical and isotopic compositions of the BCS brine compared to overlying aquifer waters, and b) to assess the suitability of the natural abundance C and O isotopic compositions of injected CO 2 as a tracer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".