Bulking generated considerable bias in detection of amplified fragment length polymorphism variations in oat, fringed brome and smooth bromegrass
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) variations in bulk and plant‐by‐plant (PBP) samples of five oat (Avena sativa L.) accessions, one fringed brome (Bromus ciliatus L.) accession and two smooth bromegrass (B. inermis Leyss.) accessions were compared. The proportions of AFLP bands detected in PBP, but lost in bulk, samples of oat, fringed brome, and smooth bromegrass ranged from 19 to 31%, 40 to 44%, and 22 to 33% of the total bands scored, respectively. These lost bands had occurred at frequencies ranging from 0.1 to 1 in the PBP samples. These findings demonstrate bulking can generate substantial bias in detection of AFLP variations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".