Kinetic Hydrogen/Deuterium Effects in the Direct Hydrogenation of Ketones Catalyzed by a Well-Defined Ruthenium Diphosphine Diamine Complex
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The trans-dihydride complex trans-RuH(2)(NH(2)CMe(2)CMe(2)NH(2))((R)-binap) (1) is an active catalyst for the homogeneous hydrogenation of ketones in benzene under pressure of H(2) gas. The mechanism of the catalysis is proposed to occur through a rapid transfer of a hydride from the ruthenium and a proton from the amine on 1 to the carbonyl of the ketone to give the product alcohol and a hydrido-amido intermediate RuH(NHCMe(2)CMe(2)NH(2))((R)-binap) (2). The dihydride is then regenerated by the turnover-limiting heterolytic splitting of dihydrogen by complex 2. In this work the kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is measured to be 2.0 (+/-0.1) for the reduction of acetophenone to 1-phenylethanol catalyzed by 1 using 8.0 atm of H(2) versus D(2) gas. DFT calculations predict a KIE of 2.1 for the described mechanism using the simplified catalyst RuH(NHCH(2)CH(2)NH(2))(PH(3))(2) with H(2) or the catalyst RuD(NDCH(2)CH(2)ND(2))(PH(3))(2) with D(2). This supports the observation that deuterium scrambles into the catalyst when a pressure of D(2) is used. We discuss the significance of these results relative to the KIE of 2 that was reported by Sandoval et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003 125, 13490) for the hydrogenation/deuteriation of acetophenone catalyzed by trans-RuH(eta(1)-BH(4))((S)-tolbinap)((S,S)-dpen) in basic isopropanol/isopropanol-d(8).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it