Bibliographic record
Abstract
Milt volume in goldfish is increased by female steroid and prostaglandin pheromones, by exposure to males with elevated gonadotropin levels, and by isolation from conspecifies. This study examined various aspects of the isolation effect on milt volume and serum gonadotropin II (GTH II). The latency of isolation-induced milt increase in this study (12-24 hr) was longer than the latencies to pheromone-induced milt increase in previous work (0.5-6.0 hr), was not affected by the time of day at which males were isolated, persisted for at least 72 hr in isolated males, and was terminated within 24 hr in males that were returned to groups. Isolated males maintained high milt production when separated from tank mates by a perforated barrier or when exposed to visual and odor cues from males in other tanks, suggesting that the unknown conspecific cues that maintain low milt production in groups operate at close range. Isolation appears to increase milt through a mechanism different from that mediating response to female pheromones because: (1) unlike female pheromones, which consistently increase serum GTH II, no isolation or regrouping treatment in this study affected male GTH II concentration; and (2) the effects of isolation and of exposure to the female pheromone 17 alpha, 20 beta-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20 beta-P) are additive. Finally, males that were previously isolated or exposed to 17,20 beta-P increased milt (but not GTH II) in grouped males, suggesting that the effects of isolation and pheromone exposure can indirectly stimulate male conspecifics. Although the biological function of the isolation effect is not clear, we propose that it illustrates the effect of removal from inhibitory cues normally received from male conspecifies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".