Inventive concentration in the production of green technology: a comparative analysis of fuel cell patents
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Patterns of ‘inventive concentration’ in green technologies are measured and analysed using patent data on fuel cells — potentially one of the most important ‘green’ technologies. Six measures are described and tested: the coefficient of variation; the Herfindhal index; the 4-firm and 8-firm concentration ratios; the Lotka coefficient; and the Gini coefficient. Initially, the analysis focuses on US firms but becomes comparative to include Japan, Germany, UK, France, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, Italy, Sweden, Netherlands, and Israel. This allows the level of agreement among the various measures to be assessed and the nations to be ranked in terms of the concentration of their fuel cell patent production. This sector is concentrated in all 12 nations with Canada (Sweden) exhibiting high (low) levels of concentration across all measures. These are discussed in the context of recently published international ratings of national innovative capacity along with directions for future research.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it