Joule heating effects on separation efficiency in capillary zone electrophoresis with an initial voltage ramp
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An analytical model is developed to quantify the Joule heating effects on the separation efficiency in CZE with an initial voltage ramp. This model considers the temporal variations of nonuniform temperature and flow fields in the course of voltage ramping. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity, dynamic viscosity, and mass density of the fluid is also taken into account. We demonstrate that the application of an initial voltage ramp delays the development of pressure-driven flows induced passively by the axial temperature gradients. The thermal dispersion is thus significantly reduced, resulting in a higher theoretical plate number in CZE. Such improvement in the separation efficiency is apparent in noncoated capillaries at high electric fields with an appropriate voltage ramp-up time. These predictions are consistent with previous observations in both aqueous and nonaqueous CZE that took place in uncoated capillaries. In coated capillaries where the EOF is suppressed, however, our model predicts a lower plate number in the presence of an initial voltage ramp.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".