Transverse load sensing based on a dual-frequency optoelectronic oscillator
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We propose and experimentally demonstrate a fiber-optic sensor implemented based on a dual-frequency optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) for transverse load sensing. In the OEO loop, a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (PS-FBG) is employed to which a transverse load is applied to introduce a birefringence to create two orthogonally polarized notches, which leads to the generation of two oscillating frequencies. The beat frequency between the two oscillating frequencies is a function of the load force applied to the PS-FBG. The proposed sensor is experimentally demonstrated. The sensitivity and the minimal detectable load are measured to be as high as ~9.73 GHz/(N/mm) and 2.06×10(-4) N/mm, respectively. The high-frequency purity and stability of the generated microwave signal by the OEO permit extremely reliable and high-accuracy measurement. The frequency interrogation allows the system to operate at an ultra-high speed. In addition, the sensing signal is insensitive to the variations of both the environmental temperature and the optical carrier wavelength.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".