Conservation Status of Freshwater Gastropods of Canada and the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This is the first American Fisheries Society conservation assessment of freshwater gastropods (snails) from Canada and the United States by the Gastropod Subcommittee (Endangered Species Committee). This review covers 703 species representing 16 families and 93 genera, of which 67 species are considered extinct, or possibly extinct, 278 are endangered, 102 are threatened, 73 are vulnerable, 157 are currently stable, and 26 species have uncertain taxonomic status. Of the entire fauna, 74% of gastropods are imperiled (vulnerable, threatened, endangered) or extinct, which exceeds imperilment levels in fishes (39%) and crayfishes (48%) but is similar to that of mussels (72%). Comparison of modern to background extinction rates reveals that gastropods have the highest modern extinction rate yet observed, 9,539 times greater than background rates. Gastropods are highly susceptible to habitat loss and degradation, particularly narrow endemics restricted to a single spring or short stream reaches. Compilation of this review was hampered by a paucity of current distributional information and taxonomic uncertainties. Although research on several fronts including basic biology, physiology, conservation strategies, life history, and ecology are needed, systematics and curation of museum collections and databases coupled with comprehensive status surveys (geographic limits, threat identification) are priorities. RESUMEN esta es la primera evaluación sobre el estado que guarda la conservación de los gasterópodos (caracoles) de Canadá y los EE.UU., realizada por el Subcomité para los Gasterópodos (Comité de Especies Amenazadas) de la Sociedad Americana de Pesquerías. Esta revisión comprende 703 especies, pertenecientes a 16 familias y 93 géneros, de las cuales 67 se consideran extintas o probablemente extintas; 278 están en peligro, 102 amenazadas, 73 vulnerables, 157 cuentan con poblaciones estables y 26 especies presentan un estado taxonómico incierto. De la totalidad de la fauna, 74% de los gasterópodos se encuentran en alguna categoría de vulnerabilidad (amenazados, en peligro o vulnerables) o extintos, lo cual excede al nivel de amenaza al que está sujeto el grupo de los peces (39%) y los langostinos (48%), pero es similar al de los mejillones (72%). Comparando las tasas de extinción actuales contra las tasas de extinción de fondo en el grupo de los gasterópodos, se tiene que en la actualidad son las más altas registradas: 9,539 veces la tasa de extinción de fondo. Los gasterópodos son altamente susceptibles a la degradación y pérdida de hábitat, en particular aquellas especies endémicas cuya distribución está restringida a un solo manantial o a arroyos pequeños. La compilación realizada para esta revisión se dificultó por la falta de información sobre la incertidumbre en la distribución y taxonomía del grupo. Si bien se necesita desarrollar investigación en distintos frentes como biología básica, fisiología, estrategias de conservación, historias de vida y ecología, se consideran como prioridades la sistemática, curación de colecciones museográficas y bases de datos acopladas con muestreos sistemáticos integrales (para establecer límites geográficos, identificación de amenazas).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".