Rapid Communication / Communication RapideEmamectin benzoate induces molting in American lobster, <i>Homarus americanus</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Emamectin benzoate (nominal dose 1 μg·g body weight1) caused female American lobster (Homarus americanus) to enter proecdysis and molt prematurely (44% vs. 0% of the control lobster, P < 0.001). Lobster bearing eggs when proecdysis was induced aborted their broods. This chemical is the active ingredient in a new feed additive being used to control sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis and Caligus spp.) infestations on farmed salmon (predominantly Salmo salar). The response of the American lobster to emamectin benzoate was unexpected, as avermectins inhibit or delay ecdysis in insects. We hypothesize that emamectin benzoate is interfering with the neuropeptides that modulate the production of molting hormone in lobster and that the diametric response of insects and lobster to this chemical is due to the difference in the neuroendocrine control of the molting glands of these two groups of arthropods (inhibitory in crustaceans, but stimulatory in insects). This is the first report of a crustacean molting prematurely in response to chemical exposure and the first report that a GABAergic (γ-aminobutyric acid) pesticide can cause premature molting in an arthropod.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".