A New, Low Corrosive Fluid to Stimulate Deep Wells Completed With Cr-based Alloys
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Acid treatments of deep wells completed with Cr-based tubulars represent a real challenge to the oil industry. On one hand, Cr-based tubulars are used to protect against CO2 corrosion, but on the other hand, the protective layer (Cr2O3) dissolves in hydrochloric acid (HCl)- a common stimulation fluid. This fact makes protection of Cr tubulars during acidizing very challenging, especially at high temperatures. At temperatures above 200°F, there is a need to add an intensifier. Most of them depend on heavy elements (Cu, Sb), or are not effective above 300°F (e.g., KI). Over the last decade, we developed a new chelate, glutamic acid N, N-diacetic acid (GLDA) that can dissolve carbonate minerals from carbonate and sandstone formations. This chelate can form worm holes in carbonates (both calcite and dolomite) and does not destabilize clay particles. In the present paper, the corrosion rate of GLDA is compared with other chelates and simple organic acids that are used for carbonate dissolution, such as hydroxyethylethylenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA), acetic and formic acid. All corrosion tests were conducted at high temperatures and pressures and extended for up to 6 hour at temperature and pressure. The coupons were examined thoroughly after the tests, and the spent fluid was analyzed for key ions (Cr, Ni, Mo, Fe, and Mn). The results show that GLDA at 20 wt% gives almost no corrosion with Cr-13 up to 300°F. Unlike GLDA, HEDTA was found to be corrosive at pH=3.8 and requires attention when used in wells completed with Cr-13 based tubulars. On more corrosion resistant Cr-based metals, like super Cr-13 and Duplex the corrosion rate of GLDA is still far below the acceptable limit of 0.02 to 0.05 lbs/ft2 up to 350°F. In wells with corrosive sweet and sour gases tubular consisting of low carbon steel, Cr-based steel or corrosion resistant Cr-Ni alloys can be effectively protected by a combination of GLDA with a minimal amount of corrosion inhibitor. Due to its favorable environmental profile this mixture meets all the OSPAR requirements for use in the North Sea. Based on our results, GLDA solutions can be used to stimulate carbonate and sandstone wells completed with Cr-based tubulars, while maintaining the integrity of the tubulars.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".