Fetal growth and the lifetime risk of generalized anxiety disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anxiety disorders are thought to have their origins in early childhood, though they have not yet been studied as a potential outcome of impaired fetal growth, which has been implicated in the developmental etiologies of many psychopathologies. This study investigated the association between indicators of fetal growth and the development of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). METHODS: Indicators of fetal growth, including birth weight (BW) and ponderal index (PI), were assessed among 682 offspring of participants in Providence, Rhode Island, site of the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Participants were interviewed as adults, and their lifetime histories of GAD were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. We used Cox regression to estimate the association between fetal growth indicators and development of GAD. RESULTS: The lifetime risk of GAD differed between infants in the highest category of BW, PI, and all others. Newborns with birth weights below 3.5 kg (hazard ratio, HR: 2.38; CI=1.25, 4.55), in the lowest four BW Z-score quintiles (HR=2.49; CI=1.14, 5.45) or a PI in the lowest four quintiles (HR=2.33; CI=1.04, 5.00) had higher lifetime risks of GAD. CONCLUSION: In contrast to earlier studies on psychiatric outcomes in relation to fetal growth, there was no linear relationship between birth weight and GAD. Although these results generally support the hypothesis that a healthy nutritional fetal uptake, as indicated by BW and PI, is associated with better lifetime mental health, further work is needed to characterize the nature of the association between fetal growth and subsequent psychopathology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".