Naturalizing Federalism: Insect Outbreaks and the Centralization of Entomological Research in Canada, 1884-1914
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article examines the process leading to the centralization of entomological research in federal laboratories. It compares the successive representations of a natural phenomenon - insect outbreaks - by the first two dominion entomologists, James Fletcher and Charles Gordon Hewitt. In addition, it analyzes the legal and executive consequences of these representations on Canadian entomology. When the Canadian government established a series of entomological laboratories during the 1910s, crop protection was a domain where provincial governments were already busy providing technical support to local agricultural associations. The establishment of regional laboratories resulted from the adoption of the Destructive Insect and Pest Act in 1910, legislation that portrayed insect outbreaks as an interprovincial or an international problem under federal jurisdiction. The natural order conceptualized by federal scientists and legalized by the Canadian Parliament initiated a process of centralization. As the knowledge produced by the federal scientists reinforced representation of natural phenomena that legitimated their involvement across the national territory, the federal government concurrently achieved a political order by which it exerted its power over both nature and nation. Cet article s'intéresse aux modalités entourant la centralisation de la recherche entomologique dans les laboratoires du gouvernement fédéral. Nous y comparons les représentations successives d'un phénomène naturel - l'infestation d'insectes - des deux premiers entomologistes du Dominion, James Fletcher et Charles Gordon Hewitt. Puis, nous examinons les conséquences légales et exécutives de ces représentations sur le développement de l'entomologie au Canada. Lorsque le gouvernement fédéral établit une série de laboratoires entomologiques durant les années 1910, la protection des cultures est un domaine principalement occupé par les gouvernements provinciaux qui fournissent un support technique aux sociétés agricoles locales. L'établissement de laboratoires régionaux découle de l'adoption de la Loi des insectes destructeurs et autres féaux en 1910, une législation qui présente l'infestation d'insectes comme un problème interprovincial ou international et qui tombe sous la juridiction du gouvernement fédéral. L'ordre naturel que conçoivent les scientifiques du gouvernement fédéral et que légalise le Parlement canadien enclenche un processus de centralisation. De ces laboratoires, les scientifiques du gouvernement fédéral produisent une connaissance qui renforce la représentation d'un phénomène naturel légitimant leur intervention à travers le territoire national. Ce faisant, le gouvernement accomplit concurremment un ordre naturel et politique par lequel il exerce son pouvoir sur l'environnement et la nation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".