Frequency of fainting, vomiting and incontinence in panic disorder: A descriptive study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Little is known about how often individuals with panic disorder (PD) actually experience the physical catastrophes that they fear (e.g., fainting, vomiting, incontinence). This study investigated the frequency of such events in PD and the circumstances under which they occur. A systematic chart review of 574 consecutive patients diagnosed with PD was completed. Nineteen out of 35 patients who had previously reported a history of fainting, vomiting or incontinence (i.e., loss of bowel or bladder control) during a panic attack were interviewed by telephone. Of this sample, 11 confirmed a history of fainting, four confirmed a history of vomiting and four confirmed a history of incontinence during at least one previous panic attack. Four of these individuals reported more than one type of event and several others reported that they had only come close to experiencing these feared events. Participants also reported on the timing of these events (relative to their panic attacks), the circumstances under which the events occurred, as well as possible causes and outcomes of the events. Although rare, catastrophic events such as fainting, vomiting and incontinence appear to occur in the context of panic attacks for some individuals. The implications for cognitive behavioural treatment of PD are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".