Perceptual Evidence for Young Children's Developing Knowledge of Phonotactic Probabilities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Phonotactic probabilities and children's speech production have been investigated widely, in both children with typical language development and children with phonological delay. Research has also documented infants' sensitivities to phonotactic probabilities in infant speech perception, using methodologies that measure infants' listening preferences. However, few studies have examined phonotactic probabilities in speech perception past the first year of life with children who are already producing language. Two-year-old Dutch-learning children were tested on their ability to perceive segmental contrasts in nonwords composed of high and low phonotactic probabilities, controlled for word-onset and word-offset position. Analogous to previous results from production, results from perception indicated that segmental contrasts that were presented in high phonotactic probability environments were perceived more accurately than the same contrasts presented in low phonotactic probability environments. Children did not show differential perception of contrasts based on word position. The implications of the findings are discussed with respect to frequency-based effects in phonological acquisition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".