Feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed to dairy cows: Effects on digestion and ruminal biohydrogenation of long-chain fatty acids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Four lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square study to determine the effects of feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed on ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) and digestibility of fatty acids (FA) in the gastrointestinal tract. Four diets were formulated: a control diet with no flaxseed (C); a raw flaxseed diet (RF); a micronized flaxseed diet (MF); and an extruded flaxseed diet (EF). Flaxseed diets contained 126 g kg-1 flaxseed (dry matter basis). Experimental periods (n = 4) consisted of 21 d of diet adaptation and 7 d of data collection. Flaxseed supplementation increased (P < 0.05) intake of individual long-chain FA, reduced (P < 0.05) ruminal BH of total unsaturated C18, and increased (P < 0.05) duodenal flow of individual long-chain FA except for C18:2. Feeding flaxseed increased (P < 0.05) post-ruminal digestibility of C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 and total tract digestibility of C16:0, C18:2, C18:3, and of total long-chain FA. Heat treatment had no effect on ruminal BH, duodenal flow and digestibility of unsaturated FA. Ruminal BH of C18:3 was higher (P < 0.05), while the duodenal flow of C18:3 was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed EF than for those fed MF. Intake and duodenal flow of C16:0 were higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed MF relative to those fed EF. It was concluded that inclusion of flaxseed in dairy cow diets increased duodenal flow of polyunsaturated FA. However, heat treatments were not effective in protecting unsaturated FA from ruminal BH. Key words: Flaxseed, ruminal biohydrogenation, fatty acid, heat treatment
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".