Seasonal variations of HCN over northern Japan measured by ground‐based infrared solar spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ground‐based infrared solar spectra were recorded at Rikubetsu (43.5°N) and Moshiri (44.4°N) in Japan using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers from 1995 to 1997. Total column amounts and tropospheric mixing ratios of HCN were derived from these spectra in the 3287.05–3287.40 cm −1 micro‐window using a nonlinear least squares spectral fitting method. The HCN values at these two locations showed significant seasonal variations. The HCN total column reached a maximum value of 6.57±0.84×10 15 molecules cm −2 in summer (June–August) and a minimum value of 3.97±0.30×10 15 molecules cm −2 in winter (December–February). The maximum and minimum tropospheric HCN mixing ratios were 333±44 (summer) and 195±16 (winter) parts per trillion by volume (pptv), respectively. These seasonal variations suggest that the lifetime of HCN is shorter than one year. The enhancement of HCN above its seasonal mean (ΔHCN) was correlated with the enhancement of CO ( ΔCO). A constant ΔHCN/ΔCO ratio suggests biomass burning as a source of HCN.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".