Seasonal variations of HCN over northern Japan measured by ground‐based infrared solar spectroscopy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ground‐based infrared solar spectra were recorded at Rikubetsu (43.5°N) and Moshiri (44.4°N) in Japan using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers from 1995 to 1997. Total column amounts and tropospheric mixing ratios of HCN were derived from these spectra in the 3287.05–3287.40 cm−1 micro‐window using a nonlinear least squares spectral fitting method. The HCN values at these two locations showed significant seasonal variations. The HCN total column reached a maximum value of 6.57±0.84×1015 molecules cm−2 in summer (June–August) and a minimum value of 3.97±0.30×1015 molecules cm−2 in winter (December–February). The maximum and minimum tropospheric HCN mixing ratios were 333±44 (summer) and 195±16 (winter) parts per trillion by volume (pptv), respectively. These seasonal variations suggest that the lifetime of HCN is shorter than one year. The enhancement of HCN above its seasonal mean (ΔHCN) was correlated with the enhancement of CO ( ΔCO). A constant ΔHCN/ΔCO ratio suggests biomass burning as a source of HCN.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".