Temporal and Spatial Variation in Metric Asymmetry in Skulls of Polar Bears (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>) from East Greenland and Svalbard
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) as a measure of environmental stress was studied in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) skulls from East Greenland (n = 300, collected 1892–2004) and Svalbard (n = 391, collected 1950–2004). Nine metric traits in skull and lower jaw were measured. FA levels of each trait were compared between sex/age groups (subadults, adult females, adult males), periods (≤ 1960, ≥ 1960), and localities (East Greenland, Svalbard). The period ≤ 1960 was chosen to represent a period prior to the appearance of organohalogen pollution in the Arctic. Results indicated that Svalbard bears generally had a higher level of FA than those of East Greenland. Overall, no substantial evidence of a linkage between FA and organohalogens was found. Instead, indications were of subpopulations with declining levels of FA over time, suggesting the existence of positive population level effects powerful enough to overrule the influence of stress caused by global warming, pollution, and overharvesting.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".