HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors May Interfere with the Ubiquitous Intracellular Proteases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Letters6 November 2001HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors May Interfere with the Ubiquitous Intracellular ProteasesFehmida Visnegarwala, MD, Daniel M. Musher, MD, and A.C. White Jr., MDFehmida Visnegarwala, MDBaylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX 77030 (Visnegarwala, Musher, White Jr.)Search for more papers by this author, Daniel M. Musher, MDBaylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX 77030 (Visnegarwala, Musher, White Jr.)Search for more papers by this author, and A.C. White Jr., MDBaylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX 77030 (Visnegarwala, Musher, White Jr.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-135-9-200111060-00017 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:In a previous letter to the editor (1), we proposed that new-onset diabetes associated with the use of HIV-1 protease inhibitors might be caused by defective prohormone processing. We read with interest the letter from Danoff and Ling (2). Our letter stated that only in patients with a partial or complete deficiency of serine proteases PC1 and PC3 would the mammalian homologue of the yeast aspartic protease (YAP3p) be important for prohormone processing (1). At that time, we were describing diabetes with protease inhibitor use—just the first intimation of a new syndrome of lipodystrophic insulin resistance that ...References1. Visnegarwala F, Krause KL, Musher DM. Severe diabetes associated with protease inhibitor therapy [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1997;127:947. [PMID: 9382374] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Danoff A, Ling WL. Protease inhibitors do not interfere with prohormone processing [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:330. [PMID: 10681299] LinkGoogle Scholar3. Gagnon A, Angel JB, Sorisky A. Protease inhibitors and adipocyte differentiation in cell culture [Letter]. Lancet. 1998;352:1032. [PMID: 9759749] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. Liang JS, Distler O, Cooper DA, Stuley SL, Ginsberg HN. HIV protease inhibitors increase secretion of apolipoprotein B-lipoproteins from hepatoma cells by preventing proteasomal degradation [Abstract]. In: Program and Abstracts of the Second International Workshop on Adverse Drug Reactions and Lipodystrophy in HIV, 13–15 September 2000, Toronto, Canada. Abstract 018. Google Scholar5. Murata H, Hruz PW, Mueckler M. The mechanism of insulin resistance caused by HIV protease inhibitor therapy. J Biol Chem. 2000;275:20251-4. [PMID: 10806189] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX 77030 (Visnegarwala, Musher, White Jr.) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoProtease Inhibitors Do Not Interfere with Prohormone Processing Ann Danoff and Wai Lam W. Ling Metrics Cited ByHeart positive: Design of a randomized controlled clinical trial of intensive lifestyle intervention, niacin and fenofibrate for HIV lipodystrophy/dyslipidemia 6 November 2001Volume 135, Issue 9Page: 840KeywordsEnzymesHIV-1Insulin secretionLipodystrophyProhormonesProtease inhibitorsProteasesSerine proteasesSpecificitySterols ePublished: 6 November 2001 Issue Published: 6 November 2001 CopyrightCopyright © 2001 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.005 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".