XRD and XPS Study of Cu−Ni Interactions on Reduced Copper−Nickel−Aluminum Oxide Solid Solution Catalysts
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Copper−nickel−aluminum oxide solid solutions were reduced in hydrogen to produce alumina-supported copper−nickel alloy catalysts. XRD patterns of reduced oxides showed that the type of active metals which emerged upon reduction were sensitive to the reduction temperature and the copper content. Variations from +0.8 to +1 eV were found in the experimental Ni 2p 3/2 binding energy (BE) of nickel in the solid solutions compared to the experimental Ni 2p 3/2 BE of bulk nickel, attributed to the Ni−Ni arrangements in the solid solution. Also, when the curve-fitted BE values of Ni 2p 3/2 and Cu 2p 3/2 of different reduced solid solutions were compared, it was found that copper and nickel were in different chemical states depending on reduction temperature and the amount of the copper. Changes in Ni 2p 3/2 BE in the reduced solid solutions were also discussed in terms of the filling of nickel d-hole bands due to nickel−copper d−d band interactions. At both high copper content and reduction temperature, copper had a tendency to segregate in order to reduce the interfacial surface energies. This was postulated based on the observation that the Ni 2p 3/2 curve-fitted BE values were restored to somewhat close to bulk nickel at a copper content of 11 mol % and reduction temperature of 700 °C.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it