Verticillium wilt ( <i>Verticillium albo‐atrum</i> ) on <i>Medicago sativa</i> (alfalfa) in Iran
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An outbreak of a wilt-like disease of alfalfa (lucerne) in the Markazi Province of Iran was investigated. Field symptoms during early growth stages typically consisted of V-shaped orange-pinkish necrotic areas on the leaflets. On severely affected shoots of more mature plants, leaflets were usually desiccated and twisted, forming spirals. Vascular browning could be seen in stem sections. Diseased stems remained erect and did not themselves become chlorotic until after all the leaves had lost their chlorophyll. New shoots on infected plants appeared normal at first but showed symptoms as they approached physiological maturity. These symptoms are very similar to those reported for verticillium wilt in alfalfa (Leath & Pennypacker, 1990). Verticillium albo-atrum was isolated from field-collected plant samples by plating surface-sterilized stem tissue onto water agar. The fungus was confirmed as the causal agent of the disease by inoculating lucerne plants by root dipping into conidial suspensions. Symptoms on inoculated plants were similar to those described above for field infections. Following amplification by PCR, the sequences of the complete ITS1/5.8S/ITS2 regions of the rRNA gene repeats for three isolates (GenBank accession numbers AY536044–6) were identical to that previously reported for the lucerne (L) pathotypes of V. albo-atrum (Barbara & Clewes, 2003). Although generally similar morphologically to V. albo-atrum, the resting mycelium produced in culture was paler than expected and without the torulose cells described previously (Hawksworth & Talboys, 1970). The source of the outbreak is unknown, but V. albo-atrum is known to be seedborne in alfalfa (Leath & Pennypacker, 1990) and may have been introduced to Iran by this means. Compared with the nonlucerne pathotype, the L pathotype of V. albo-atrum has a restricted host range and geographic distribution and generally causes only mild diseases in hosts other than alfalfa (Leath & Pennypacker, 1990). Verticillium wilt of alfalfa was first reported in Europe but has since been reported from the Unites States, Canada, New Zealand and Japan (Pegg & Brady, 2002). This is the first reported occurrence of verticillium wilt disease of alfalfa in Iran, or indeed anywhere in continental Asia. This particular wilt can be a severe disease in alfalfa and, should it become widespread in Iran, it could cause significant crop loss.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".