Influence of Exposure Time and Pressure Amplitude on Blood−Brain-Barrier Opening Using Transcranial Ultrasound Exposures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pulsed ultrasound exposures of brain tissue in the presence of micro-bubble contrast agents have been shown to achieve transient focal disruption of the blood brain barrier without significant damage to surrounding brain tissue. The effects of overall exposure duration on the extent of blood brain barrier disruption was studied in these experiments to determine operating conditions for increasing the amount of therapeutic agents delivered to the brain. Exposures at 1.08 MHz ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 MPa in amplitude were delivered transcranially to the brains of rabbits and rats for durations ranging from 30 to 1200 seconds. The amount of signal enhancement on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MR images were used to quantify the extent of blood brain barrier disruption and histological evaluation of the exposed regions was performed to evaluate the impact on brain tissue. A subset of four rats underwent weekly exposures for 3 weeks to evaluate the feasibility of repeat sonications to the brain. The results suggest that exposures less than 180 seconds in duration are associated with a low probability of irreversible damage to brain tissue at pressure amplitudes of 0.38 MPa. Although exposures greater than 300 seconds were associated with an increase in the proportion of irreversible damage, this may be acceptable for chemotherapy delivery, where the therapeutic goal is tissue destruction. Repeat exposures to the brain were feasible, but resulted in evidence of focal brain damage in 50% of animals.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".