Spanish listeners’ perceptual patterns for English /i/ and /<scp>I</scp>/
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spanish has five monophthongs which differ only in spectral properties. General Canadian English has ten monophthongs which differ in steady-state spectral properties and duration, and many nominal monophthongs have substantial diphthongization. Unlike Spanish, Canadian English also uses duration as a cue to postvocalic obstruent voicing. The present study investigates L1-English and L1-Spanish L2-English listeners perception of a Canadian English /bIt, bit, bId, bid/ continuum varying in steady-state spectral values and duration. Several patterns emerge in the L1-Spanish listeners data, including a contrary pattern in which duration is used in the same direction as L1-English listeners but spectral properties in the opposite direction. With respect to /i/ and /I/ perception, these patterns are generally consistent with the stages of learning proposed by Escudero [Unpublished Masters Thesis, Edinburgh University, 2000]: L1-Spanish listeners cannot initially perceive the difference, next they use duration properties, later they begin to use spectral properties, and finally they have L1-English-like primary use of spectral properties and secondary use of duration. Production data adds additional insight into the relationship of the perceptual patterns to the stages of learning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".