Bibliographic record
Abstract
<b>JAMA</b> <b>Ginkgo biloba for Prevention of Dementia: A Randomized Controlled Trial </b> Steven T. DeKosky, MD; Jeff D. Williamson, MD, MHS; Annette L. Fitzpatrick, PhD; Richard A. Kronmal, PhD; Diane G. Ives, MPH; Judith A. Saxton, MD; Oscar L. Lopez, MD; Gregory Burke, MD; Michelle C. Carlson, PhD; Linda P. Fried, MD, MPH; Lewis H. Kuller, MD, DrPH; John A. Robbins, MD, MHS; Russell P. Tracy, PhD; Nancy F. Woolard; Leslie Dunn, MPH; Beth E. Snitz, PhD; Richard L. Nahin, PhD, MPH; Curt D. Furberg, MD, PhD; for the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory (GEM) Study Investigators <h3>Context:</h3> <i>Ginkgo biloba</i>is widely used for its potential effects on memory and cognition. To date, adequately powered clinical trials testing the effect of<i>G biloba</i>on dementia incidence are lacking. <h3>Objective: </h3> To determine effectiveness of<i>G biloba</i>vs placebo in reducing the incidence of all-cause dementia and Alzheimer disease (AD) in elderly individuals with normal cognition and those with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants: </h3> Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted in 5 academic medical centers in the United States between 2000 and 2008 with a median follow-up of 6.1 years. Three thousand sixty-nine community volunteers aged 75 years or older with normal cognition (n = 2587) or MCI (n = 482) at study entry were assessed every 6 months for incident dementia. <h3>Intervention: </h3> Twice-daily dose of 120-mg extract of<i>G biloba</i>(n = 1545) or placebo (n = 1524). <h3>Main Outcome Measures: </h3> Incident dementia and AD determined by expert panel consensus. <h3>Results: </h3> Five hundred twenty-three individuals developed dementia (246 receiving placebo and 277 receiving<i>G biloba</i>) with 92% of the dementia cases classified as possible or probable AD, or AD with evidence of vascular disease of the brain. Rates of dropout and loss to follow-up were low (6.3%), and the adverse effect profiles were similar for both groups. The overall dementia rate was 3.3 per 100 person-years in participants assigned to<i>G biloba</i>and 2.9 per 100 person-years in the placebo group. The hazard ratio (HR) for<i>G biloba</i>compared with placebo for all-cause dementia was 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.94-1.33;<i>P</i> = .21) and for AD, 1.16 (95% CI, 0.97-1.39;<i>P</i> = .11).<i>G biloba</i>also had no effect on the rate of progression to dementia in participants with MCI (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.85-1.50;<i>P</i> = .39). <h3>Conclusions: </h3> In this study,<i>G biloba</i>at 120 mg twice a day was not effective in reducing either the overall incidence rate of dementia or AD incidence in elderly individuals with normal cognition or those with MCI. <h3>Trial Registration: </h3> clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT00010803 <i>JAMA. 2008;300(19):2253-2262..</i>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".