:Workers and the Wild: Conservation, Consumerism, and Labor in Oregon, 1910–30.<i>(The Working Class in American History.)</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lawrence M. Lipin's engaging new book crosses some lines that definitely need crossing more often. The most obvious of these is the line between labor and environmental history, which Lipin, following Richard White's The Organic Machine: The Remaking of the Columbia River (1995), proves is pretty arbitrary. The era Lipin tackles, 1910 to 1930, also crosses some long-standing historiographical divisions that unintentionally let World War I stand as a clean historical break. For in linking the prewar era to the 1920s, he emphasizes perhaps the most significant economic and ideological transitions in the labor and environmental histories of the North American West: from producerism to consumerism, and from resources to amenities. The result is a well-written, complex book built on solid research and an eye for the quirky detail. Lipin accomplishes this through an examination, focused on the membership and leaders of the Oregon State Federation of Labor and the Portland Central Labor Council, of Portland workers' changing ideas about and experiences of Oregon's natural abundance. He documents the ways in which a working-class producerist ethic committed to the maximization of nature's productive potential shifted to an uneven but increasingly dominant emphasis on the consumerist “enjoyment” of nature's beauty and bounty. For workers in Portland and elsewhere, this transformation involved some complicated changes in class politics, since the “sportsman's” leisurely conservationism had long been the object of urban and rural working-class scorn. Embracing the joys of scenic highways (formerly disdained in favor of “market roads”), camping (in forests that should have provided timber and jobs), and fishing for government-managed fish (which might have been caught in commercial fisher's nets), Portland's working-class men altered their relations both with their employers and with their rural “brothers.”
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".