The Influence of Short‐Term Anion Salt Exposure on Urine pH and on Resistance to Experimentally Induced Hypocalcaemia in Cows
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to induce acidification by anion salt supplementation for 2 days or 10 days and to study the prophylactic effects of such supplementation in preventing hypocalcaemia in cows. It was further attempted to monitor the extent to which any effect on the calcium-regulating mechanisms would persist following a 10-day period of acidification with anion salts. Study animals were three untreated control cows and three cows supplemented with ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate in their ration for 2 days or 10 days through the rumen cannula. The basic ration of hay was dominated by Urochloa spp. The pH of the urine of the control cows was around 8.00 throughout the experiment and was considered normal. Anion-supplemented cows produced urine with a daily mean pH between 5.5 and 7.0, possibly due to anion salt exposure. The ability to withstand hypocalcaemic challenges was tested by a standardized intravenous infusion of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na2EDTA). The calcium regaining time (CRT), expressed as time spent to reach 1.00 mmol/l of ionized calcium during recovery from the EDTA-induced hypocalcaemia, was used to compare cow responses. In the control cows the unexpectedly short CRT, especially during the weekly EDTA tests, could be a result of the repeated induced episodes of hypocalcaemia caused by the EDTA infusions. The improved CRT in the anion-supplemented cows may thus be interpreted as the combined effect of the repeated hypocalcaemic episodes due to EDTA infusions and probably the effect of anion-induced metabolic acidosis on endocrine-regulated calcium homeostatic mechanisms. The effect of anion salt exposure for 10 days on the improvement of calcium-regulating mechanisms was not clear due to the unexpected improvement of CRT that was exhibited by the untreated control cows as well. An on-farm trial of the effect of a 2-day or 10-day anion exposure of dry cows on calcium-regulating mechanisms is suggested.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".