Titanium coordination in silicate glasses investigated using <i>O K</i>-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A series of titanium silicate glasses along the composition joins TiO 2 -SiO 2 , TiO 2 -Na 2 SiO 3 , TiO 2 -K 2 SiO 3 and TiO 2 -CaSiO 3 , has been examined using oxygen K -edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES) confined to the near-surface region. Sharp pre-edge features in the spectra can be used to determine the Ti coordination in the glasses. The presence of [4] Ti is indicated by a pre-edge peak at ∼534 eV while [5] Ti is indicated by a peak at ∼533 eV. Titanium exists in all these glasses as [4] Ti and [5] Ti with no [6] Ti being present. For alkali-containing glasses the [5] Ti site becomes more prevalent with increasing TiO 2 . TiO 2 -K 2 SiO 3 compositions contain a greater proportion of [4] Ti than comparable Na 2 O compositions. This is consistent with earlier Ti L -edge findings. The TEY spectra for the TiO 2 -CaSiO 3 compositions indicate the presence of significant amounts of [5] Ti at high TiO 2 contents; however, comparison of TEY (near surface) and FY (bulk sample) XANES shows that the [5] Ti is confined to the surface of the glass sample with the bulk of the glass containing [4] Ti.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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