Effect of ethanol concentration on the efficiency of extraction of ginseng saponins when using a microwave-assisted process (MAP™)
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Summary This research determined the effect of ethanol concentration (vol.%) on the extraction of saponins from ginseng using a microwave-assisted process (MAPTM) at different powers under atmospheric pressure conditions. The optimized particle size of ginseng roots and mass-to-solvent volume ratio were 60 mesh and 1 : 10 (g mL−1), respectively. The yields of total solids and crude saponins were influenced by ethanol concentration, with the highest value at 45–60% for the former and 60–75% for the latter, at microwave power levels of 88 and 162 W. Their respective yield per unit time (60 s) was higher at 162 W than at 88 W; however, the extraction efficiency was lower for the former than for the latter. Extraction properties of ginsenosides were similar to those of crude saponins. The results show that the ethanol concentration was influential in MAP extraction of ginseng saponins and that total imparted energy and level of applied power should be considered in terms of extraction efficiency.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it