Aqueous phase arsenic in weathered shale enriched in native arsenic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soils and geologic deposits derived from marine shale often contain elevated levels of arsenic. The source of arsenic is iron sulfide minerals. Oxidative weathering breaks down the iron sulfide minerals and potentially releases undesirable levels of arsenic into the surrounding pore water. Equilibration experiments on a weathered marine shale containing naturally elevated levels of native arsenic and on a mixture of weathered shale and calcareous till were conducted under aerobic conditions to determine how much arsenic was released into pore water and the mechanism responsible for limiting soluble arsenic concentrations. Aqueous phase arsenic released from the shale was less than 10 µg/L for aerobic conditions. Soluble arsenic concentrations were low considering the high total As concentrations in the shale (30 µg As/g shale). Over 4 times as much solution arsenic was released from the higher pH shale–till mixture compared to the acid shale alone. Adsorption and desorption was the mechanism that controlled the concentration of aqueous phase arsenic. Key words: soluble arsenate, groundwater, solution chemistry, adsorption, background concentration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".