Water’s size-dependent freezing to cubic ice
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water has been occasionally found to freeze to cubic ice. To investigate this occurrence thermodynamically, we use the known enthalpy and interfacial energy of hexagonal and cubic ices and calculate a critical radius r(c) of appromximately 15 nm for a water droplet and a critical thickness delta(c) of approximately 10 nm for water's flat film. Accordingly, water droplets smaller than 15 nm radius and films thinner than 10 nm would freeze to cubic ice in the 160-220 K range and bigger droplets and thicker films would freeze to hexagonal ice. This provides a thermodynamic basis for the occasionally found presence of cubic ice in the atmosphere, and explains why water's nanometer-sized clusters and water confined to nanometer-sized pores freeze to cubic ice. Conditions for cubic ice-hexagonal ice phase inversion have been discussed. Impurities in water and different extents of proton ordering in the crystallites of cubic and hexagonal ices would have a significant effect on r(c) and delta(c).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it