Occurrence of resistance to insecticides in populations of the obliquebanded leafroller from orchards
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The occurrence and distribution of resistance to insecticides in populations of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), from apple, Malus × domestica Borkhauser (Rosaceae), and pear, Pyrus communis L. (Rosaceae), orchards in the various production areas of southern Ontario were assessed in the laboratory and field from 1993 to 1999. Laboratory bioassays were conducted with neonate larvae from the first laboratory generation. Responses of populations from commercial orchards where control failures had occurred or where populations were large or damaging were compared with populations from unsprayed wild hosts. Resistance to azinphosmethyl and to pyrethroids and methomyl was identified in populations from all areas. Resistance levels ranged from 4- to 27-fold for azinphosmethyl, 4- to 8-fold for cypermethrin (a representative pyrethroid), and 3- to 5-fold for methomyl. In the field, deltamethrin was more effective than azinphosmethyl against a population resistant to both insecticides. Resistance to azinphosmethyl was unstable and rapidly declined in a population newly established in the laboratory and not selected with azinphosmethyl. After selection for nine generations, resistance declined only slowly when selection pressure was removed for four generations. This instability may be exploited in the management of resistance, but the possible cross-resistance between azinphosmethyl and pyrethroids needs clarification.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".