Empire and Periphery? The Qing Empire’s Relations with Japan and the Ryūkyūs (1644–c. 1800), a Comparison
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Analysing Qing China’s relations with her neighbours, a distinction between her continental and maritime border space is evident. The Qing emperors were extremely alert towards their continental borders undertaking military intervention when they considered other countries a threat to them. While great parts of formerly non-Chinese territories in Central Asia were integrated into the Chinese empire and their peoples subdued by military force, maritime space was viewed differently, but as we want to show, not simply as a distant periphery nor as frontier as it is often claimed. China’s relations with Japan and the Ryūkyū Islands are excellent examples to show how differently the Qing rulers viewed these neighbouring countries. Simultaneously, while the early Qing rulers like Kangxi (r. 1662–1722) and Yongzheng (r. 1723–35) maintained a vivid interest in overseas developments, a shift towards disinterest in maritime space occurred only with the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1736–95).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".