Effects of <i>Tsuga canadensis</i> mortality on soil water chemistry and understory vegetation: possible consequences of an invasive insect herbivore
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Soil water chemistry and vegetation were monitored for almost 1 year before and 4 years after treatment in two healthy Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière (eastern hemlock) stands and two T. canadensis stands subjected to a girdling treatment. The girdling treatment was applied to simulate infestation and mortality by the introduced pest Adelges tsugae Annand. The girdling of T. canadensis trees resulted in elevated concentrations of NO3 and most cations in soil water within 23 months, and concentrations of several ions remained high relative to control stands for the duration of the study (e.g., NO3, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+). Maximum mean monthly concentrations were generally observed 1218 months after girdling (e.g., 4732272 µequiv. NO3/L, 22126 µequiv. NH4+/L). Maximum mean annual weighted ion concentrations and fluxes (e.g., 236 µequiv. NO3/L and 18 kg NO3-N/ha, respectively) were observed 23 years after girdling and were comparable to values reported in the literature regarding clear-cutting effects on stream water ion concentrations and losses. Betula alleghaniensis Britt. seedling densities and percent cover of several herbaceous species (Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.) Moore, Dryopteris intermedia (Muhl.) A. Gray, Oxalis acetosella L., Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl.) increased in response to T. canadensis mortality. Total percent cover of understory vegetation more than doubled in the first 3 years after girdling.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".