Geometry of developing and equilibrium scour holes at bridge piers in gravel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experimental results on scour at circular and square cylinders in uniform gravel under the clear-water scour condition are presented. Nonintrusive, high-resolution topographic measurements of developing and equilibrium scour holes were performed during running experiments with an experimental installation using a laser distance sensor (LDS) and precision step motors. Measurements were taken by the LDS in different azimuthal half-planes with θ = 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, 90°, 105°, 135°, 150°, 165°, and 180° to study the spatio-temporal variation of geometric properties of scour holes. Experiments were conducted over 40 h until equilibrium, with bed shear stress equal to 95% of the critical bed shear stress for the initiation of sediment motion at the undisturbed plane gravel bed having a d 50 of 3.25 mm. Results show that scour in gravel progresses more slowly around the square cylinder, where steeper slopes than at the circular cylinder are observed. During experiments the scour slopes do not exceed the observed repose angle of the sediment particles. Maximum scour depth in different azimuthal half-planes and scoured volume are well correlated with the maximum scour depth at azimuthal half-plane with θ = 0°.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".