Vortex beam generation using circular leaky-wave antenna
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vortex beams, which are electromagnetic beams carrying orbital angular momentum, have a great potential for communication, sensing, imaging and tweezing applications. Unfortunately, the spatial light modulator technology that is used in the optical regime to generate vortex beams is not applicable at radio frequencies and the recently introduced metasurface technology suffers from integration difficulty. To solve these issues, we introduce here the concept of generating vortex beams using a circular leaky-wave antenna (CLWA). In this approach, the spiral-shaped phase fronts of the vortex wave are produced by the interference of circularly twisted phase fronts due to off-broadside radiation in the unfolded antenna, while the beam is obtained from the restricted circular aperture of the CLWA. The paper explains the principle in details and provides an experimental demonstration for the case of unit topological charges. The antenna may support simultaneously different orbital angular momenta so as to provide an unprecedented multiplexing technology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".