The human vomeronasal type‐1 receptor family—detection of volatiles and cAMP signaling in HeLa/Olf cells
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The human genome harbors 5 remnant genes coding for vomeronasal type-1 receptors, compared with 187 of such receptors in mice. In rodents, vomeronasal type-1 receptors are typically expressed in the vomeronasal organ. They are believed to be highly selective and sensitive pheromone detectors, as may be inferred from one receptor, V1rb2, responding to picomolar concentrations of the mouse pheromone 2-heptanone. Expression patterns, ligands, and signal transduction of human vomeronasal type-1 receptors have, however, remained largely obscure. Our aim was to deorphan and functionally characterize these 5 putative human pheromone receptors. Here, we report functional expression for all 5 receptors in HeLa/Olf cells. The recombinant, N-terminally tagged receptors expressed at the plasma membrane of HeLa/Olf cells and responded differentially to 19 of 140 odorants in a combinatorial way. C9-C10 aliphatic alcohols or aldehydes emerged as the best agonists at submicromolar concentrations above human odorant thresholds. Surprisingly, and in contrast to mouse V1rb2, all human vomeronasal type-1 receptors activated cAMP signaling via G protein alphaolf, when expressed in HeLa/Olf cells. While a biological function of human vomeronasal type-1 receptors is still elusive, our data show that their major functional characteristics are similar to those of odorant receptors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".