Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Regulates PTEN Expression in the Mammary Gland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The tumor suppressor PTEN is altered in many cancers, including breast cancer, but only a handful of factors are known to control its expression. PTEN plays a vital role in cell survival and proliferation by regulating Akt phosphorylation, a key component of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) pathway. Here we show that insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II), which signals through PI3K, regulates PTEN expression in the mammary gland. IGF-II injection into mouse mammary gland significantly increased PTEN expression. Transgenic IGF-II expression also increased mammary PTEN protein, leading to reductions in Akt phosphorylation, epithelial proliferation, and mammary morphogenesis. IGF-II induced PTEN promoter activity and protein levels and this involved the immediate early gene egr-1. Thus, we have identified a novel negative feedback loop within the PI3K pathway where IGF-II induces PTEN expression to modulate its physiologic effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".