Actions of Acidic Amino Acids on the Excitability of Medial Hypothalamic Neurons in the Rat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Systemic administration of acidic amino acids produces selective neurotoxic effects on neurons in the arcuate nucleus. However, little is known on the comparative or topographical actions of various acidic amino acids within the hypothalamus. In the present study, microiontophoretic methods were utilized to compare the sensitivity of arcuate nucleus neurons with other medial hypothalamic neurons during applications of glutamate, aspartate, homocysteate, and two conformationally restricted glutamate analogs, kainate and ibotenate. An increase in excitability to all test substances was observed from the majority of 62 neurons identified both as to location (arcuate, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei, and periventricular area) and to response to electrical stimulation in the median eminence, amygdala, and posterior pituitary. There was little difference in the sensitivity of neurons to glutamate, aspartate, or homocysteate. In contrast, kainate produced a more prominent and long-lasting excitation at lower application currents, frequently leading to spike inactivation and excessive depolarization followed by a prolonged recovery period. Ibotenate was also a potent excitatory agent, but its actions were biphasic, with an initial excitation followed by a decrease in excitability that influenced both spontaneous and glutamate-evoked firing; the latter is considered due to conversion of ibotenate to muscimol, a GABA analog. These observations suggest a homogeneity among arcuate and other medial hypothalamic neurons in terms of their membrane receptors and sensitivity to all acidic amino acids tested. Since acidic amino acids are also viewed as possible excitatory neurotransmitters within the hypothalamus, the diethyl esters of glutamic acid (GDEE) and kainic acid (KDEE), two proposed glutamate antagonists, were applied by microiontophoresis and assessed for their ability to alter glutamate- and aspartate-evoked activations and synaptically evoked excitations. Each agent depressed both glutamate- and aspartate-evoked activity nonselectively; thus, while they do affect acidic amino acid actions, they appear to be of limited use in differentiating between glutamate- and aspartate-activated receptors on medial hypothalamic neurons. Neither GDEE nor KDEE altered synaptically evoked excitations from the median eminence, amygdala, or posterior pituitary. Owing to the extensive dendritic arborization of hypothalamic neurons, it is possible that these agents attained a low potency at active synaptic sites. We suggest that further evaluations of the role of acidic amino acids as medial hypothalamic neurotransmitters include in vitro testing where it is possible to achieve a uniform application of their antagonists in known concentrations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".