Global Gridded Emission Inventories of β-Hexachlorocyclohexane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As the contamination of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) in the Arctic air, seawater, and biota is an environmental concern, there is a need for emission inventories of beta-HCH to be used by the modeling community to predict the fate and transport of beta-HCH. This paper presents such emission inventories for beta-HCH. The total global usage of beta-HCH between 1945 and 2000 is estimated at 850 kt, 230 kt of which was emitted to the atmosphere over the same time period. Usage of beta-HCH was estimated to be around 36 kt in 1980 and 7.4 kt in 1990. Total beta-HCH emissions in 1980 were 9.8 kt with 83% attributed to the application in 1980 and 17% to soil residues due to prior applications. Total beta-HCH emissions in 1990 were 2.4 kt with 78% attributed to the application in 1990 and 22% to soil residues. While it assumed that no usage of technical HCH occurred in 2000, the global beta-HCH emissions in this year due to soil residues were estimated at 66 t. It has shown that the global beta-HCH emissions have undergone a "southward tilt" over the time period studied as more northern countries have banned the use of technical HCH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".