Non-Variceal Upper GI Bleeding in Patients Already Hospitalized for Another Condition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To compare outpatients (OPs) presenting with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) to those who started hemorrhaging while in a hospital (inpatients, IPs) in a contemporary setting and to better identify predictors of outcome. METHODS: Retrospective data from the Canadian Registry of Patients With Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Undergoing Endoscopy (RUGBE). Descriptive, inferential, and multivariate logistic regression models were carried out in 469 IPs (68.5+/-14 years, 36% women) and 1,395 OPs (65.5+/-18 years, 39% women) in 18 Canadian community and tertiary care centers. RESULTS: Main outcomes were rebleeding, mortality, and their predictors. IPs differed from OPs in disease acuity (P=0.02) and comorbidities (3.1+/-1.7 vs. 2.3+/-1.5, P<0.001), and were admitted longer (7.2+/-7.4 vs. 5+/-5.4 days, P<0.001) and more often to intensive care unit (ICU; 40.5% vs. 16%, P<0.001). Ulcers or erosions predominated (83% vs. 85%, P=0.28), treated by endotherapy (38% vs. 36%, P=0.46). More IPs received proton pump inhibitors (PPIs; 88% vs. 83%, P=0.009). Mortality was greater for IPs (11% vs. 3.5%, P<0.001), but rebleeding (15.7% vs. 13.4%, P=0.23) and surgery (6.9% vs. 6.4%, P=0.72) were not. Among IPs, comorbidity (odds ratio, OR=1.15; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.01-1.32) and endoscopic high-risk stigmata increased (OR=3.86, 95% CI:2.05-7.26), whereas PPI decreased (OR=0.20, 95% CI:0.10-0.42) rebleeding; high-risk stigmata (OR=3.13, 95% CI:1.23-7.99) and rebleeding (OR=4.19, 95% CI:2.06-8.55) increased mortality, whereas low disease acuity was protective (OR=0.20; 95% CI:0.46-0.90). CONCLUSIONS: IPs are sicker than OPs. Endoscopic hemostasis and PPI therapy favorably affect rebleeding in IPs, whereas patient characteristics principally determine the threefold greater IPs mortality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".