Parallel Simulation of CO2 Sequestration with Rock Deformation in Saline Aquifers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We developed a massively parallel reservoir simulator for modeling CO2 flow and transport in saline aquifers coupled with geomechanical processes that would occur during CO2 sequestration. These geomechanical processes, namely rock deformation, affect rock permeability, porosity, and bulk volume. The theories of hydrostatic and linear poroelasticity, and correlations from the literature, are used to obtain dependencies of rock permeability, porosity, and bulk volume on pore pressure and average stress. These dependencies are incorporated into the simulator mass and energy conservation equations, which determine pressure, temperature, and fluid composition. The simulator is based on the TOUGH2-MP code (Zhang et al. 2008) with the ECO2N module (Pruess, 2005), which calculates properties of H2O-NaCl-CO2 mixtures. These mixtures consist of one aqueous and one CO2-rich phase, salt can precipitate and dissolve in the aqueous phase, and the mixture temperature may change. The simulator is fully implicit, three-dimensional, the grid is unstructured, and the linear equations associated with the conservation equations are solved in porous and fractured media. The simulator code is parallelized and uses MPI for processor communication, the METIS software package for domain partitioning, and the Aztec solver package for linear equation solution. The simulator formulation, numerical implementation, and computational efficiency are verified using example problems from the literature, and options for the above dependencies are also illustrated. One example problem (Birkholzer et al., 2008) is a study of the volume influenced during and after CO2 injection into a saline aquifer. Another (Rutqvist and Tsang, 2002) addresses coupled hydromechanical changes during CO2 injection into an aquifer–caprock system. In this example, geomechanical processes were modeled by coupling two simulators, TOUGH2 (Pruess et al., 1999), which simulates fluid flow and heat transport, and FLAC3D (FLAC3D, 1997), which simulates rock and soil mechanics with thermomechanical and hydromechanical interactions. Finally, the last example problem (Kumar et al., 2005) is a simulation of a prototypical CO2 sequestration project in a deep saline aquifer using CMG's GEM simulator (Nghiem, 2002).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".