<i>Ex situ</i> Characterisation of Composite Nafion Membranes Containing Zirconium Hydrogen Phosphate
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Composite membranes were fabricated by the incorporation of zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanoparticles into Nafion 115® membranes using the exchange method in order to delineate their effect on water retention, water permeation and proton transport. Adjusting the exchange reaction time allowed the fabrication of Nafion/ZrP membranes with ZrP content ranging from 7.8 to 25.0 wt.‐%. A decrease in dimensional stability of the composite membranes upon swelling with water, compared to unmodified Nafion, is found and is attributed to hygroscopic ZrP disrupting the hydrophobic cohesive forces in Nafion. Water content and λ values increase with increasing ZrP for low ZrP contents (<20 wt.‐%), but decrease at higher ZrP contents (>20 wt.‐%). This transition is attributed to ZrP particles increasing in size as ZrP content increases until, at contents >20 wt.‐%, they no longer fit inside the hydrophilic pores of Nafion. ZrP disrupts the proton‐conducting pathway in the membranes resulting in a lowering of proton mobility and proton conductivity. However, the permeance of water vapour through Nafion/ZrP composite membranes are found to be unaffected by ZrP.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it